Linux Tutorial (9): Storage Management: Partisi, LVM, dan Filesystem

# List block devices
lsblk
lsblk -f              # + filesystem info
 
# Detail hardware
sudo fdisk -l
sudo parted -l
 
# By-id (persistent naming)
ls -la /dev/disk/by-id/
ls -la /dev/disk/by-uuid/

sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
 
# Di dalam fdisk:
# n → new partition
# p → primary
# 1 → partition number
# Enter → default start
# +10G → size
# w → write and exit

# Format partition
sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
# atau
sudo mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
 
# Mount
sudo mkdir /data
sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /data
 
# Permanent via fstab
UUID=$(blkid -s UUID -o value /dev/sdb1)
echo "UUID=$UUID /data ext4 defaults 0 2" | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
sudo mount -a   # test fstab

sudo parted /dev/sdb --script mklabel gpt
sudo parted /dev/sdb --script mkpart primary ext4 0% 100%
sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1

/dev/sdb, /dev/sdc  →  PV (Physical Volume)
        ↓
    vg_data (Volume Group: pool storage)
        ↓
  lv_app, lv_logs (Logical Volume: "partisi virtual")
        ↓
  /dev/vg_data/lv_app  →  mount /app

# 1. Buat Physical Volume
sudo pvcreate /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
 
# 2. Buat Volume Group
sudo vgcreate vg_data /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
 
# 3. Buat Logical Volume
sudo lvcreate -L 50G -n lv_app vg_data
sudo lvcreate -L 100G -n lv_logs vg_data
 
# 4. Format dan mount
sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg_data/lv_app
sudo mkdir /app
sudo mount /dev/vg_data/lv_app /app

# Status overview
sudo pvs && sudo vgs && sudo lvs
 
# Extend LV (online, tanpa downtime!)
sudo lvextend -L +20G /dev/vg_data/lv_app
sudo resize2fs /dev/vg_data/lv_app        # ext4
# sudo xfs_growfs /app                    # XFS (mount point)
 
# Tambah disk ke VG
sudo pvcreate /dev/sdd
sudo vgextend vg_data /dev/sdd
sudo lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/vg_data/lv_logs
sudo resize2fs /dev/vg_data/lv_logs
 
# Snapshot (backup point-in-time)
sudo lvcreate -L 5G -s -n lv_app_snap /dev/vg_data/lv_app
sudo mount /dev/vg_data/lv_app_snap /mnt/snapshot -o ro
# ... backup dari /mnt/snapshot ...
sudo umount /mnt/snapshot
sudo lvremove /dev/vg_data/lv_app_snap

# Tune ext4
sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda1          # info
sudo tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda1         # reserve 1% for root (default 5%)
 
# Check & repair (unmount dulu!)
sudo umount /data
sudo fsck.ext4 -f /dev/sdb1
sudo mount /data
 
# XFS repair
sudo xfs_repair /dev/sdb1

# /etc/fstab
UUID=xxx  /data  ext4  defaults,noatime,nodiratime  0  2
UUID=yyy  /backup  xfs  defaults,nofail  0  0
/dev/vg_data/lv_shared  /shared  ext4  defaults,nodev,nosuid  0  2

# Create RAID 1 (mirror)
sudo mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0
 
# Status
cat /proc/mdstat
sudo mdadm --detail /dev/md0
 
# Persist config
sudo mdadm --detail --scan | sudo tee -a /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
sudo update-initramfs -u

# Cepat identifikasi
df -h
sudo du -xh / --max-depth=3 2>/dev/null | sort -rh | head -20
 
# Temukan file besar
sudo find / -xdev -type f -size +500M -exec ls -lh {} \; 2>/dev/null
 
# Log rotation manual
sudo journalctl --vacuum-size=500M
sudo find /var/log -name "*.gz" -mtime +30 -delete
 
# Clear apt cache
sudo apt clean

# LVM swap
sudo lvcreate -L 4G -n lv_swap vg_data
sudo mkswap /dev/vg_data/lv_swap
sudo swapon /dev/vg_data/lv_swap
echo '/dev/vg_data/lv_swap none swap sw 0 0' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
 
# Swap file (alternatif)
sudo fallocate -l 2G /swapfile
sudo chmod 600 /swapfile
sudo mkswap /swapfile
sudo swapon /swapfile